*Correlation significant at 0.05 (2-tailed) PRWHE: Patient-Rated Wrist Hand Evaluation DASH: Disabilities of Arm, Shoulder, Hand *Impairments measured using the NK Hand Assessment System **Correlation significant at 0.01 (2-tailed). Osteoarthritis: (MacDermid et al., 2007 n = 122 function following arthroplasty of the carpometacarpal joint of the hand for osteoarthritis Osteoarthritis)Ĭorrelations of the SF-36 component summary scores with PRWHE and DASH ScoresĪll correlations significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed) SF-36: Short Form 36 PRWHE: Patient-Rated Wrist Hand EvaluationĬorrelation between self-report function scores and measured impairments* More information, including a PDF of the DASH, can be found on the DASH website linked above.The DASH has been formally translated into 41 versions.Scoring the optional 2 4-item high performance sections:ġ) Add values of each response, then divide by 4, subtract 1 and multiply by 25: Ģ) Optional modules should not be scored if items are missing.Total scores range from 0 (minimum) to (100) maximum.Utilizes a 5-point Likert-Scale measuring from “1” (lowest level of difficulty or severity) to 5” (highest level of difficulty or severity) based on the patient’s reported ability to conduct the activities or tasks.It has two, 4-item, optional modules used to measure symptoms and function in athletes, artists, and workers who require a high level of function. The DASH is a 30-item self-report questionnaire designed to assess musculoskeletal disorders of the upper limbs.The DASH was first published in 1996 and is now available in 2 shortened versions:.Developed jointly by the Institute for Work & Health and the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS).If possible, use the Unicode 3-em dash symbol, not three consecutive em-dashes, to avoid unwanted spacing that might otherwise appear in some fonts. 3-em dashes may be improperly applied, introducing errors that may be hard for the editor to catch.ĬMOS §14.67 adds: “Publishers may decide not to use 3-em dashes.” Self-publishers, this includes you, too! CMOS explains that 3-em dashes can cause confusion or can be taken out of context, especially in electronic formats when clicking on a link might bring up a bibliographic entry with a 3-em dash. There should never be more than one 3-em dash in a single bibliography entry.īeginning with the 17th edition (§14.67), CMOS began advising that 3-em dashes are best applied not by the author but by the editor: “Authors usually should not use the 3-em dash for repeated names in their manuscripts.” This is because editors often “sort” bibliographies to ensure they are properly alphabetized, and having 3-em dashes already inserted messes up and confuses that process. (See CMOS §§14.68–70.)Ī 3-em dash can be used to indicate more than one author(s), editor(s), or translator(s), but only if their names are given in the exact same order in the preceding entry.Īlphabetize the bibliography entries by title of the work.ĭo not use the underscore symbol in place of a 3-em dash. In bibliographies (immediately followed by a period), to represent the same author(s), editor(s), translator(s), or corporate author(s) as the preceding entry.
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